

However, this approach is expensive and requires very specialized equipment and training. Hydrostatic Weighing: Hydrostatic weighing, also known as underwater weighing, is one of the more accurate forms of body composition assessment with error rates being between 2-5% for most apparatuses.Interestingly, waist to weight ratio appears to be the most accurate (Dong et al., 2018). There are good data to show how well different measures correlate to body fat percentages. More specifically things such as waist-to-hip ratios, waist-to-height ratios, and neck circumferences are ways to estimate body composition. Body Circumference: Another very accessible and easy to perform method of estimating body composition is through measuring body circumference.

As such, it is difficult to be certain of changes of <5% of body fat. While easy to perform, this method requires a substantial amount of training and has a pretty high error rate, with up to 10-15% error rates reported in some studies.
#Measuring body fat with caliper skin
This method relies on precisely built and calibrated calipers that measure skin thickness in millimeters. This layer is known as the subcutaneous fat layer.
